******'ün Ingilizce Hayatı
****** stands as one of the world's few historic figures who dedicated their lives totally to their nations
He was born in 1881 (probably in the spring)
in Salonica, then an Ottoman city, now in Greece. His father Ali Riza,
a customs official turned lumber merchant, died when Mustafa was still
a boy. His mother Zubeyde, a devout and strong-willed woman, raised him
and his sister. First enrolled in a traditional religious school, he
soon switched to a modern school. In 1893, he entered a military high
school where his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal
(meaning perfection) in recognition of young Mustafa's superior
achievement. He was thereafter known as Mustafa Kemal.
????: Büyükçöplük Sanal Dünya
In 1905, Mustafa Kemal graduated from the
War Academy in Istanbul with the rank of Staff Captain. Posted in
Damascus, he started with several colleagues, a clandestine society
called "Homeland and Freedom" to fight against the Sultan's despotism.
In 1908 he helped the group of officers who toppled the Sultan. Mustafa
Kemal's career flourished as he won his heroism in the far corners of
the Ottoman Empire, including Albania and Tripoli. He also briefly
served as a staff officer in Salonica and Istanbul and as a military
attache in Sofia.
In 1915, when Dardanelles campaign was
launched, Colonel Mustafa Kemal became a national hero by winning
successive victories and finally repelling the invaders. Promoted to
general in 1916, at age 35, he liberated two major provinces in eastern
Turkey that year. In the next two years, he served as commander of
several Ottoman armies in Palestine, Aleppo, and elsewhere, achieving
another major victory by stopping the enemy advance at Aleppo.
On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed
in the Black Sea port of Samsun to start the War of Independence. In
defiance of the Sultan's government, he rallied a liberation army in
Anatolia and convened the Congress of Erzurum and Sivas which
established the basis for the new national effort under his leadership.
On April 23, 1920, the Grand National Assembly was inaugurated. Mustafa
Kemal Pasha was elected to its Presidency.
Fighting on many fronts, he led his forces
to victory against rebels and invading armies. Following the Turkish
triumph at the two major battles at Inonu in Western Turkey, the Grand
National Assembly conferred on Mustafa Kemal Pasha the title of
Commander-in-Chief with the rank of Marshal. At the end of August 1922,
the Turkish armies won their ultimate victory. Within a few weeks, the
Turkish mainland was completely liberated, the armistice signed, and
the rule of the Ottoman dynasty abolished.
In July 1923, the national government signed
the Lausanne Treaty with Great Britain, France, Greece, Italy, and
others. In mid-October, Ankara became the capital of the new Turkish
State. On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal
Pasha was unanimously elected President of the Republic.
****** married Latife Usakligil in early 1923. The marriage ended in divorce in 1925.
The account of ******'s fifteen year
Presidency is a saga of dramatic modernization. With indefatigable
determination, he created a new political and legal system, abolished
the Caliphate and made both government and education secular, gave
equal rights to women, changed the alphabet and the attire, and
advanced the arts and the sciences, agriculture and industry.
In 1934, when the surname law was adopted, the national parliament gave him the name "******" (Father of the Turks).
On November 10, 1938, following an illness
of a few months, the national liberator and the Father of modern Turkey
died. But his legacy to his people and to the world endures.
******.com is a non-profit organization,
whose primary goals are, educate world about ******, Turkish culture
and heritage, bring together the people of Turkish heritage and friends
of Turkey for continuing education about Turkish history, culture, and
related issues.
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Salı Kas. 10, 2009 11:19 pm